High resolution satellite imaging sensors for precision agriculture

The central concept of precision agriculture is to manage within-field soil and crop growth variability for more efficient use of farming inputs. Remote sensing has been an integral part of precision agriculture since the farming technology started developing in the mid to late 1980s. Various types of remote sensors carried on ground-based platforms, manned aircraft, satellites, and more recently, unmanned aircraft have been used for precision agriculture applications. Original satellite sensors, such as Landsat and SPOT, have commonly been used for agricultural applications over large geographic areas since the 1970s, but they have limited use for precision agriculture because of their relatively coarse spatial resolution and long revisit time. Recent developments in high resolution satellite sensors have significantly narrowed the gap in spatial resolution between satellite imagery and airborne imagery. Since the first high resolution satellite sensor IKONOS was launched in 1999, numerous commercial high resolution satellite sensors have become available. These imaging sensors not only provide images with high spatial resolution, but can also repeatedly view the same target area. The high revisit frequency and fast data turnaround time, combined with their relatively large aerial coverage, make high resolution satellite sensors attractive for many applications, including precision agriculture. This article will provide an overview of commercially available high resolution satellite sensors that have been used or have potential for precision agriculture. The applications of these sensors for precision agriculture are reviewed and application examples based on the studies conducted by the author and his collaborators are provided to illustrate how high resolution satellite imagery has been used for crop identification, crop yield variability mapping and pest management. Some challenges and future directions on the use of high resolution satellite sensors and other types of remote sensors for precision agriculture are discussed.     

Multiple effects of grape seed polyphenolics to prevent metabolic diseases

Obesity is increasing in developing countries. Population studies show a relationship between affluence and obesity. Changing food intake patterns with affluence such as preference for foods with less astringent polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers may increase risk of metabolic dysfunctions due to caloric imbalance. Animal models of obesity consistently show that grape seed procyanidins prevent increases in body and abdo- minal adipose weight gain, plasma cholesterol, liver weight gain and inflammation in animals on high fat diets. The mechanisms are not clear because the oral intake of procyanidins results in pleiotropic interactions with proteins in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon that affect the rate of digestion of bioavailability of macronutrients, sterols, and dietary fiber. Procyanidins also bind bile acids and reduce intestinal permeability to inflammatory bacterial cell wall fragment. Procyanidins are not degraded or metabolized until reaching the lower gut where they can be metabolized into phenolic acids by gut bacteria. While they are metabolized by gut bacteria, they also alter total numbers and distribution of phyla and species of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria are recognized as significant contributors to obesity and obesity related metabolic diseases. The review examines the different pleiotropic effects of grape seed procyanidins that have a significant effect on metabolic disease in animal models of obesity.     

房屋建筑中的钢筋焊接网的优质建设思考

我国钢筋焊接网在房屋建筑中的应用还处于起步阶段,没有形成规范性的应用规模, 与国外相差甚远。本文总结了当前最为实用的计算方法和应用表征,介绍焊接钢筋网产品质量 特性,从提高房屋建筑施工整体质量的角度,探讨如何为施工单位创造优良的经济效益。     

Harvest index is a critical factor influencing the grain yield of diverse wheat species under rain-fed conditions in the Mediterranean zone of southeastern Turkey and northern Syria

Environmental and plant factors critical to the grain yields of bread (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (T. durum L.) and emmer (T. dicoccum L.) wheat cultivars were investigated at two Mediterranean rain-fed field sites: Adana in southeastern Turkey (2009 and 2010) and Aleppo in northern Syria (2009). The grain yield (GY) and biological yield (BY) of most cultivars were higher in Adana than in Aleppo, and the lower GY in Aleppo resulted from lower harvest index (HI) and lower BY due to higher temperatures and lower rainfall. The variations in the HI among cultivars were greater in Adana than in Aleppo. The GY was closely related to the HI but not the BY across cultivars at each site, and a higher GY was accompanied by a superior conversion-efficiency of incident radiation during the grain filling period for grain yield [GY/Ra, where Ra is the cumulative radiation for 30 days after heading (D₃₀)] across all observations. The GY/Ra correlated negatively with the average temperature for D₃₀, and higher HI values resulted in higher GY/Ra. In Adana, the time from anthesis to physiological-maturity decreased as the average temperature for D₃₀ increased, resulting in a lower HI. Cultivars exhibiting the early heading trait can effectively escape the negative impacts of terminal high-temperature and water-shortage conditions on the HI. The results suggested that the HI is a critical factor for GY across diverse wheat cultivars under terminal high-temperatures and water-shortages in Mediterranean areas, and the BY is also an important factor under severe water-limitation conditions.     

嗜酸乳杆菌高密度发酵研究进展

嗜酸乳杆菌是一种具有重要商业价值的益生菌,嗜酸乳杆菌的高密度发酵技术对于该菌的工业化生产有重要应用价值。本文对嗜酸乳杆菌的营养需求、冷冻环境适应策略以及高密度发酵探索等方面的研究进行综述,旨在为嗜酸乳杆菌的生产提供理论参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定发酵乳中着色剂的含量

建立发酵乳中8 种着色剂（新红、苋菜红、诱惑红、胭脂红、柠檬黄、日落黄、靛蓝和亮蓝）的高效液相色谱测定方法。采用pH值为7.7～7.9的水为提取剂,聚酰胺固相萃取小柱净化,C18色谱柱（赛默飞RP-MS,4.6 mm×100 mm,2.6 μm）分离,采用乙酸铵溶液（0.02 mol/L）-甲醇作为流动相进行梯度洗脱。结果表明：每1 000 g发酵乳中8 种着色剂添加量为0.5～5.0 mg时,除靛蓝外的其他着色剂回收率均大于90%,靛蓝的回收率接近80%;方法定量限为0.5 mg/kg;发酵乳加标样品分     

优质抗病草莓新品种‘申琪’

‘申琪’是以‘红颜’为母本、‘章姬’为父本杂交育成的优质抗炭疽病草莓新品种。株形半开张,长势强旺,早熟稳产,果实长圆锥形或长窄楔形、整齐度好,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ级序果单果平均质量26.0 g,果形指数1.53;果面鲜红、富光泽,果肉浅红色,肉细、汁液多、适口性佳,香气浓,可溶性固形物含量10.5% ~ 13.0%。较抗草莓炭疽病,中抗灰霉病;繁苗易,适合上海及长江流域地区促成栽培。     

38%唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂在草莓和土壤中的残留及消解动态

为评价38%唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂 (有效成分质量分数:12.8%吡唑醚菌酯,25.2%啶酰菌胺) 在农产品和环境中的安全性,于2015年和2016年在中国北京及山东分别进行了该药剂在草莓及土壤中的残留及消解动态试验,建立了同时测定草莓及土壤中吡唑醚菌酯和啶酰菌胺残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS) 检测方法。样品用乙腈提取,经N-丙基乙二胺 (PSA) 净化,电喷雾多反应监测模式HPLC-MS/MS检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:在草莓和土壤中添加0.015~3.0 mg/kg吡唑醚菌酯,平均回收率分别为97%~107%和94%~106%,相对标准偏差 (RSD) 分别为1.8%~3.9%和2.2%~4.1%,定量限 (LOQ) 为0.015 mg/kg;添加0.03~6.0 mg/kg啶酰菌胺,平均回收率分别为90%~101%和92%~97%,RSD为4.6%~13%和2.9%~14%,LOQ为0.03 mg/kg。田间试验结果表明,吡唑醚菌酯和啶酰菌胺在草莓和土壤中的消解动态均符合一级动力学方程,在草莓中的半衰期分别为4.8~6.0 d和5.1~11 d,在土壤中为3.4~10.0和3.4~6.0 d。采用38% 唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂,分别按有效成分228和342 g/hm2于草莓幼果期施药,最多施药 4 次,采样时间距离最后一次施药的间隔时间为3、5、7 d。吡唑醚菌酯在草莓中的最大残留量为 0.13 mg/kg,低于欧盟规定的最大残留限量 (MRL)(0.5 mg/kg);啶酰菌胺在草莓中的最大残留量为 0.78 mg/kg,低于中国的 MRL值 (3.0 mg/kg)。建议38%唑醚·啶酰菌悬浮剂在草莓上的安全间隔期为3 d,试验结果为农药在草莓中的安全使用和农产品的食用安全提供了数据支持。     

日晒高温覆膜对韭菜生长及根际土壤微生物多样性的影响

为明确日晒高温覆膜对韭菜生长及根际土壤微生物群落的影响,本研究在河北省韭菜主产区基于日晒高温覆膜措施对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊进行田间防治试验,就覆膜前后土壤的理化性质进行了比较,并采用Biolog-ECO技术分析了覆膜对土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果表明,日晒高温覆膜技术对韭蛆各龄期幼虫的防治效果达到100%,覆膜12 d后韭菜株高、茎粗、叶宽、色泽、百株鲜重及根长等生长发育指标与未覆膜的对照相比均无显著影响;覆膜后土壤中全磷量显著增加;根据Biolog-ECO培养第144 h的AWCD值计算土壤微生物群落的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数和丰富度指数均无显著变化。可见日晒高温覆膜对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊具有明显的防治效果,对韭菜生长及韭菜根际土壤微生物多样性无显著影响。     

Comparative study of the intestinal microbial community of wild and cultured kaluga sturgeon,Huso dauricus

The kaluga, Huso dauricus (Georgi 1775), is a large‐sized semi‐anadromous sturgeon native to the Amur River basin. Gut microbes play an important role in the growth and development of fish. Because wild samples of this species are difficult to obtain, very few studies have analysed the microbial community of the kaluga gut. Here, we used high‐throughput sequencing to determine differences in the intestinal microbial communities of wild and cultured kaluga, to lay the foundation for development of micro‐ecological preparations that might ultimately assist with conserving wild kaluga by benefitting sturgeon aquaculture. Two 2‐year‐old (wild) fish collected from the Heilongjiang River basin were size‐ and age‐matched with two 2‐year‐old (cultured) fish obtained from a breeding base in Yunnan Province, for molecular analysis of gut samples. In total, 483,008 16S rRNA sequences were obtained. The intestinal microbial diversity was greater in the wild kaluga than in the cultured fish. The dominant phyla in the gut community of wild kaluga were Proteobacteria (47.9%), Fusobacteria (30.5%) and Firmicutes (8.85%), whereas samples from the cultured kaluga were dominated by Fusobacteria (78%). This result may be attributed to differences in environmental conditions, particularly water quality and temperature, as well as diet between the wild and cultured animals. The findings provide basic data to assist further research and the development of feed as a part of artificial breeding technology.